## T-Test

In this section, having previously created a module, we are going to add a t-test analysis to it.

An independent samples t-test is typically used to determine whether two groups differ on some variable. For example, you may be interested in whether children from one neighbourhood are a different height than children from another neighbourhood. In this case, a data set would have one row for each child - one column would contain their heights, the other column would contain which neighbourhood they are from.

For those familiar with the t.test function built into R, if the columns were height and neighbourhood, the test could be run:

t.test(height ~ neighbourhood, data=data)

In this next section, we are going to create a t-test jamovi analysis which makes use of this function.

## Creating an Analysis

The easiest way to begin an analysis for a jamovi module is to use the addAnalysis() function from the jmvtools package. First we’ll set the working directory to the SuperAwesome directory (created by jmvtools::create() in the previous section), and then call addAnalysis()

setwd('SuperAwesome')
jmvtools::addAnalysis(name='ttest', title='Independent Samples T-Test')

## Anatomy of an Analysis

If we now look at the SuperAwesome module’s source tree, we have:

SuperAwesome/
├── DESCRIPTION
├── NAMESPACE
├── jamovi/
|   ├── ttest.a.yaml
|   ├── ttest.r.yaml
|   ├── ttest.u.yaml
|   └── 0000.yaml
└── R/
├── ttest.h.R
└── ttest.b.R

At this point I’m a little embarrassed to say that there are 5 files per analysis. This structure does make things a lot more manageable, so although it may seem excessive at first, there’s a good rationale behind it. Just bear with me, it’s not as overwhelming as it seems.

file contains api
ttest.a.yaml The analysis definition contains all the meta information about the analysis, describes the arguments and ui options it receives, etc. We’ll cover this in the tutorial next. API
ttest.r.yaml The results definition contains all the information about the way the results for the analysis are displayed. API
ttest.u.yaml The ui definition is automatically generated from the .a.yaml file. For many analyses this will produce a good result, and won’t need further editing. API
ttest.h.R The header file is automatically generated from the .a.yaml and .r.yaml files above, and makes writing your analysis a lot easier. You don’t ever need to look at this file, and you certainly shouldn’t edit it.
ttest.b.R The analysis implementation is where you’ll write your analysis, and where you’ll spend most of your time when developing jamovi analyses. As we’ll see, this is an empty template waiting for an implementation.

## The Analysis Definition

First up, we’ll look at the analysis definition in the ttest.a.yaml file. yaml is a simple, easy to read text format for structured data. If you’re new to yaml, you can read more about the format here, but that probably won’t be necessary. It’s intuitive and readable, and you’ll probably have no trouble picking it up.

jmvtools::addAnalysis() creates a default .a.yaml file with a handful of basic options. Happily for this tutorial, these happen to correspond to the options that a t-test requires. Our generated ttest.a.yaml file is as follows:

---
name:  ttest
title: Independent Samples T-Test
jas:     "1.1"
version: "1.0.0"

options:
- name: data
type: Data

- name: dep
title: Dependent Variable
type: Variable

- name: group
title: Grouping Variable
type: Variable

- name: alt
title: Alternative hypothesis
type: List
options:
- name: notEqual
title: Not equal
- name: oneGreater
title: One greater
- name: twoGreater
title: Two greater
default: notEqual

- name: varEq
title: Assume equal variances
type: Bool
default: true

At the top of the file is information about the analysis:

---
name:  ttest
title: Independent Samples T-Test
jas:     "1.1"
version: "1.0.0"
...

The name is a unique identifier for the analysis, but it also corresponds to the name of the R function which will be made available from the package. As such, the usual constraints on function names apply: it must begin with a letter, and can only be made up of letters and numbers (jamovi disallows analysis names with dots in them).

The title of the analysis is how the analysis appears in menus, help text, and in the results. Next is the jas or ‘jamovi analysis spec’; you should just leave this at ‘1.1’. Next, we have the analysis version. Each analysis is versioned in jamovi, and you should make use of semantic versioning (but let’s not worry about that for now).

The options come next; data, dep, group, alt and varEq. When used as an R package, these options correspond to the arguments passed to the analysis R function. In this case they will be:

ttestIS(data, dep, group, alt='not equal', varEq=FALSE)

(If you peek inside ttest.h.R, you’ll find this exact function has been generated.)

When used in jamovi, these options correspond to the UI options for the analysis. Let’s look at that now. Install the module we’ve just created and open up jamovi (or open up jamovi first, then install the module — the order doesn’t matter):

jmvtools::install()

(Note that if your module has additional dependencies, these will be installed by jmvtools::install() at this stage as well. You can read more about additional dependencies in Additional Notes at the end of this tutorial.)

The SuperAwesome menu will now be available, and will contain Independent Samples T-Test.

Selecting this analysis will bring up the UI:

We can see how the UI elements created, correspond to the analyses’ options. Revisiting the dep and group options from ttestis.a.yaml:

...
- name: dep
title: Dependent Variable
type: Variable

- name: group
title: Grouping Variable
type: Variable
...

We see they are of type Variable. This means they require the user to provide a column from the data set. As can be seen in the UI, they are represented as ‘drop targets’, where columns from the data set can be assigned through drag and drop.

Turning to the option alt:

...
- name: alt
title: Alternative hypothesis
type: List
options:
- name: notEqual
title: Not equal
- name: oneGreater
title: One greater
- name: twoGreater
title: Two greater
default: notEqual
...

alt is of type list, which has been turned into a drop down list, allowing the user to choose between the options.

Finally, looking at varEq:

...
- name: varEq
title: Assume equal variances
type: Bool
default: true

We see that options of type Bool are represented as checkboxes.

There are a number of different option types. A more comprehensive description of each of them, and their properties is available in the API.

Of course, our analysis doesn’t actually do anything yet – we haven’t written any R code.

Implementing an Analysis